ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the growth and nutrient absorption of ‘Debora Victory’ tomato grown in organic system. The treatments consisted of nine sampling dates, at 2, 32, 46, 60, 77, 91, 109, 122 and 137 days after transplantation (DAT). In the last sampling, plants reached an estimated accumulation of dry and fresh weight in plant shoots of 550 and 9,528 g/plant, respectively. At the end of the cycle, the distribution of dry matter was 73% in the fruits, 16% in the leaves and 11% in the stem. The yield of total fresh fruits was estimated at 154.7 t/ha. The decreasing order of nutrient accumulation in plant shoots was K>N>Ca>P>S>Mg, with estimated values of 22.6; 10.4; 5.0; 2.3; 2.1 and 1.6 g/plant, respectively, corresponding to 431; 198; 95; 44; 40 and 30 kg/ha of K, N, Ca, P, S and Mg, respectively. The decreasing order of nutrient accumulation in the fruits was K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca, with estimated values of 16.6; 8.4; 1.7; 0.8; 0.7 and 0.2 g/plant, respectively, which corresponded to an estimated total extraction of 315; 153; 32; 16; 14 and 3 kg/ha of K, N, P, S, Mg and Ca, respectively. In the last sampling, the greatest accumulation of N, P and K occurred in the fruits and Ca, S and Mg in the vegetative organs (stem + leaves).

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar o crescimento e absorção de nutrientes pelo tomateiro ‘Debora Victory’ cultivado em sistema orgânico. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por nove épocas de amostragem, aos 2, 32, 46, 60, 77, 91, 109, 122 e 137 dias após o transplante (DAT). As plantas atingiram acúmulo estimado de massa seca e fresca na parte aérea na última amostragem de 550 e 9528 g/planta, respectivamente. Ao final do ciclo, a distribuição da massa seca foi de 73% nos frutos, 16% nas folhas e 11% no caule. A produtividade de frutos frescos totais foi estimada em 154,7 t/ha. A ordem decrescente do acúmulo de nutrientes na parte aérea das plantas foi K>N>Ca>P>S>Mg, com valores estimados de 22,6; 10,4; 5,0; 2,3; 2,1 e 1,6 g/planta, respectivamente, correspondendo a 431; 198; 95; 44; 40 e 30 kg/ha de K, N, Ca, P, S e Mg, respectivamente. A ordem decrescente do acúmulo de nutrientes nos frutos foi K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca, com valores estimados de 16,6; 8,4; 1,7; 0,8; 0,7 e 0,2 g/planta, respectivamente, o que correspondeu a uma extração estimada total de 315; 153; 32; 16; 14 e 3 kg/ha de K, N, P, S, Mg e Ca, respectivamente. Na última amostragem, o maior acúmulo de N, P e K ocorreu nos frutos e de Ca, S e Mg na parte vegetativa (caule + folhas).

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fertilization with composted sewage sludge and irrigation with drinking water (DW) and fertigation with wastewater (WW) in wheat crop using fuzzy rule-based system. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil and Environmental Resources, of FCA, UNESP - Botucatu, with factorial 6 × 2, which were applied 6 doses of sewage sludge (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250% of nitrogen recommendation) and two types of effluents (treated water and sewage). In the developing of the system based in fuzzy rules, it was used the Mamdani inference method, where the input variables were sewage sludge doses and water types and the output variables used were the number of tillers, length and number spike per plant; number of spikelet per plant, grain mass per spike and dry mass of the aerial parts. It can be seen that the sewage sludge and the effluent contributed to the higher increase of production, and at 150% sludge dose occurred higher production.

ABSTRACT Several research lines are required to ensure a proper disposal of sewage sludge in Brazil; among them, we may highlight agricultural use. In this sense, this study aimed at assessing the effect of exchanging nitrogen sourcing via conventional fertilization (chemical) with growing doses of composted sewage sludge (CSS) on wheat crop performance. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and ten replications, being defined as T0 (control – without fertilization); T1 (100% mineral fertilization); T2 (50% mineral + 50% CSS); T3, T4, T5, and T6 (100, 150, 200, and 250% nitrogen fertilizing from CSS). Results showed that the use of CSS increased wheat production and development, therefore enhancing its performance. Thus, exchanging mineral fertilization with CSS application raised wheat yields.

Neste trabalho se propôs avaliar o efeito da aplicação do lodo de esgoto durante dois anos sucessivos, na cultura do girassol e seu efeito residual na produtividade do trigo e triticale. Trabalhou-se durante dois anos consecutivos com a cultura do girassol semeando-se, após a colheita do segundo ano, o trigo e o triticale sem aplicação de lodo de esgoto. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados constituído por 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições: T0 - sem adubação com nitrogênio; T1 - adubação química nitrogenada de acordo com a necessidade de cultura; T2 - 50% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e 50% na forma da adubação química, em cobertura; T3 - 100% da adubação nitrogenada do recomendado pela cultura, proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 - 150% da adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e T5 - 200% da adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto. No girassol o lodo de esgoto proporcionou maior rendimento de grãos e de óleo no acumulado dos dois anos de aplicação sem, no entanto, interferir no teor de óleo, no triticale não interferiu no rendimento de grãos enquanto no trigo o melhor tratamento foi o de 150% da dose de N proveniente do lodo de esgoto.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of factors of production within two years of application of sewage sludge on sunflower and its residual effect on productivity of wheat and triticale. The study was conducted for two consecutive years with sunflower cultivation and after harvest of the second year wheat and triticale were sown without the application of sewage sludge fertilization. The experimental design of randomize blocks was adopted consisting of six treatments and five repetitions: T0 - without nitrogen fertilization; T1 - chemical nitrogen in accordance with Technical Buletin 100. (100% N chemical fertilizers), T2 - 50% Nitrogen from sewage sludge and 50% in the form of chemical fertilizer, top dressing, T3 - 100% of nitrogen recommended for the crop, from sewage sludge, T4 - 150% of nitrogen from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% of nitrogen from sewage sludge. In the sunflower the sewage sludge promoted a higher grain yield and yield of oil accumulated in the two years of application and did not affect the oil content. In triticale the combination of residual effect of two years with sludge and mineral N fertilization resulted in a greater number of plants and a higher yield. In wheat the best treatment was 150% of the dose of N from sewage sludge residual effect of two applications in sunflower.

Dentre as diversas alternativas de disposição final de lodo de esgoto no Brasil, o uso agrícola se destaca por sua economicidade e adequação ambiental. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do lodo de esgoto compostado e do N nos parâmetros produtivos do girassol, após a sexta aplicação de lodo de esgoto em diferentes doses. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, SP, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP de Botucatu,SP. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados constituídos por 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições, assim definidos: T0 - sem adubação nitrogenada; T1 - adubação química nitrogenada de acordo com a recomendação da cultura; T2 - 50% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e 50% na forma mineral; T3 - 100% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 - 150% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 - 200% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto. O aumento da dose de lodo de esgoto e o N proporcionaram um aumento no rendimento de grãos, de óleo e de matéria seca. O N influenciou no aumento de peso de mil grãos.

In Brazil, among the various alternatives for final disposal of sewage sludge, agricultural use is notable for its economy and environmental compatibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of composted sewage sludge and N parameters on sunflower production after the sixth application of sewage sludge in different doses. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm São Manuel-SP, belonging to the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, consisting of six treatments and four replications defined as follows: T0 - without nitrogen fertilization; T1 - chemical nitrogen fertilizer in accordance with the recommendation for the crop; T2 - 50% nitrogen derived from sewage sludge and 50% in mineral form; T3 - 100% nitrogen from sewage sludge; T4 - 150% nitrogen from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% nitrogen from sewage sludge. Increasing the dose of sewage sludge and N provided an increase in grain yield, oil and dry matter. The N influenced the increase in the weight of thousand grans.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting chemical nitrogen (N) fertilization for equivalent N levels from sewage sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) on sunflower plant development. Nutrient levels in physiologically mature leaves and seeds, besides nutrient exportation during a 130-day assay, were also assessed. The experiment was carried out in 100 m² permanent plots at Sao Manuel Farm, which belongs to School of Agronomical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The farm is located in the municipality of Sao Manuel, Sao Paulo State. Experimental design was in randomized blocks including 5 treatments and 5 replicates. Treatments were: Tl - chemical N fertilization according to the recommendation for the culture; T2 - 50% N from sewage sludge and 50% N from chemical fertilization; T3 - 100% N from sewage sludge; T4 - 150% N from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% N from sewage sludge. For all treatments, equal amounts of P and K fertilization were applied. Treatments differed for plant height from 21 to 64 days, stem diameter from 28 to 57 days, and leaf number from 21 to 38 days. Seed nutrient levels slightly varied; however, the quantities of exported N, P, Mg, Fe and Zn varied as sewage sludge levels increased.

No Brasil não existem registros de respostas de adubação com boro para a cultura do triticale, sendo a ação deste nutriente uma incógnita, tanto em relação a deficiência quanto a toxidez, causas que levam a redução de produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do triticale a diferentes níveis de boro em comparação com o trigo (Triticum aestivum). Utilizou-se um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico com teor inicial de boro de 0,08 mg dm-3. O delineamento foi um fatorial 4 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 4, distribuído em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, quatro níveis de boro: 0; 0,62; 1,24 e 1,86 mg dm-3 de B e três cultivares de triticale, IAC 3, BR 4 e BR 53, mais um cultivar de trigo, IAPAR 38, para comparação. Cada cultivar respondeu de forma diferente com relação às variáveis estudadas em função da aplicação de diferentes níveis de boro. O trigo (IAPAR 38) apresenta maior eficiência na absorção de boro. A cultivar de triticale mais responsiva quanto à absorção foi a IAC 3, que apresentou característica semelhante ao trigo, seguida da cultivar BR 4, demonstrando serem cultivares tolerantes a maiores níveis de boro no solo. Para a BR 53, não ocorreu efeito para absorção, com a cultivar apresentando sensibilidade à toxidez de boro. A eficiência de absorção é diferenciada para cada genótipo possibilitando a escolha e utilização de plantas que possuam maior adaptação ao meio.

No reports are registered on responses to boron fertilization nutrient deficiency and toxicity in triticale crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate triticale response to different rates of boron in comparison to wheat in an hapludox with initial boron level at 0.08 mg dm-3 4 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 4 factorial design trial completely randomized blocks design (n = 4). Boron rates were 0; 0.62; 1.24 and 1.86 mg dm-3; triticale cultivars were IAC 3, BR 4 and BR 53 and IAPAR 38 wheat crop was used for comparison. The wheat (IAPAR 38) crop presented the highest boron absorption level of all. Among triticale cultivars, the most responsive was IAC 53, presenting similar characteristics to wheat, followed by BR 4; these two crops are considered tolerant to higher boron rates in soil. Regarding to BR 53, no absorption effect was observed, and the cultivars was sensitive to boron toxicity. Absorption responses differed for each genotype. That makes it possible to choose and use the best-adapted plants to soils with different boron rates.